Description: KGV 1920 to 1945 Three Pence Coins Choose your year These 50% solid silver coins minted between 88 and 100 years ago The 1945 Replica is struck in sterling silver Obviously you will not receive the coin in the photo as this is just a stock image,but I will send you the best coin i have from that year. If you want I will send you a photo of the coin you will receive If you are unhappy with the coin you get just return it for a full refund. I will refund your return postage costs also In Good Condition given they are over eighty five years old Would make an Excellent Gift or Collectable Keepsake Souvenir of Great Memrobale Days Click Here to Check out my Antique Items Bid with Confidence - Check My 100% Positive Feedback from over 800 Satisfied Customers I have over 10 years of Ebay Selling Experience - So Why Not Treat Yourself? I always combined postage on multiple items so why not take a look at my other items All Payment Methods in All Major Currencies Accepted. All Items Sent out within 24 hours of Receiving Payment. Also if bidding from overseas and you want your item tracked please select the International Signed for Postage Option For that Interesting Conversational Piece, A Birthday Present or Christmas Gift for someone who is hard to buy for. A Comical Item to Cheer Someone Up or That Unique Perfect Gift for the Person Who has Everything....You Know Where to Look for a Bargain! So why not add me to your favourite sellers? Thanks for Looking and Best of Luck with the Bidding!! The Countries I Send to Include Afghanistan * Albania * Algeria * American Samoa (US) * Andorra * Angola * Anguilla (GB) * Antigua and Barbuda * Argentina * Armenia * Aruba (NL) * Australia * Austria * Azerbaijan * Bahamas * Bahrain * Bangladesh * Barbados * Belarus * Belgium * Belize * Benin * Bermuda (GB) * Bhutan * Bolivia * Bonaire (NL) * Bosnia and Herzegovina * Botswana * Bouvet Island (NO) * Brazil * British Indian Ocean Territory (GB) * British Virgin Islands (GB) * Brunei * Bulgaria * Burkina Faso * Burundi * Cambodia * Cameroon * Canada * Cape Verde * Cayman Islands (GB) * Central African Republic * Chad * Chile * China * Christmas Island (AU) * Cocos Islands (AU) * Colombia * Comoros * Congo * Democratic Republic of the Congo * Cook Islands (NZ) * Coral Sea Islands Territory (AU) * Costa Rica * Croatia * Cuba * Curaçao (NL) * Cyprus * Czech Republic * Denmark * Djibouti * Dominica * Dominican Republic * East Timor * Ecuador * Egypt * El Salvador * Equatorial Guinea * Eritrea * Estonia * Ethiopia * Falkland Islands (GB) * Faroe Islands (DK) * Fiji Islands * Finland * France * French Guiana (FR) * French Polynesia (FR) * French Southern Lands (FR) * Gabon * Gambia * Georgia * Germany * Ghana * Gibraltar (GB) * Greece * Greenland (DK) * Grenada * Guadeloupe (FR) * Guam (US) * Guatemala * Guernsey (GB) * Guinea * Guinea-Bissau * Guyana * Haiti * Heard and McDonald Islands (AU) * Honduras * Hong Kong (CN) * Hungary * Iceland * India * Indonesia * Iran * Iraq * Ireland * Isle of Man (GB) * Israel * Italy * Ivory Coast * Jamaica * Jan Mayen (NO) * Japan * Jersey (GB) * Jordan * Kazakhstan * Kenya * Kiribati * Kosovo * Kuwait * Kyrgyzstan * Laos * Latvia * Lebanon * Lesotho * Liberia * Libya * Liechtenstein * Lithuania * Luxembourg * Macau (CN) * Macedonia * Madagascar * Malawi * Malaysia * Maldives * Mali * Malta * Marshall Islands * Martinique (FR) * Mauritania * Mauritius * Mayotte (FR) * Mexico * Micronesia * Moldova * Monaco * Mongolia * Montenegro * Montserrat (GB) * Morocco * Mozambique * Myanmar * Namibia * Nauru * Navassa (US) * Nepal * Netherlands * New Caledonia (FR) * New Zealand * Nicaragua * Niger * Nigeria * Niue (NZ) * Norfolk Island (AU) * North Korea * Northern Cyprus * Northern Mariana Islands (US) * Norway * Oman * Pakistan * Palau * Palestinian Authority * Panama * Papua New Guinea * Paraguay * Peru * Philippines * Pitcairn Island (GB) * Poland * Portugal * Puerto Rico (US) * Qatar * Reunion (FR) * Romania * Russia * Rwanda * Saba (NL) * Saint Barthelemy (FR) * Saint Helena (GB) * Saint Kitts and Nevis * Saint Lucia * Saint Martin (FR) * Saint Pierre and Miquelon (FR) * Saint Vincent and the Grenadines * Samoa * San Marino * Sao Tome and Principe * Saudi Arabia * Senegal * Serbia * Seychelles * Sierra Leone * Singapore * Sint Eustatius (NL) * Sint Maarten (NL) * Slovakia * Slovenia * Solomon Islands * Somalia * South Africa * South Georgia (GB) * South Korea * South Sudan * Spain * Sri Lanka * Sudan * Suriname * Svalbard (NO) * Swaziland * Sweden * Switzerland * Syria * Taiwan * Tajikistan * Tanzania * Thailand * Togo * Tokelau (NZ) * Tonga * Trinidad and Tobago * Tunisia * Turkey * Turkmenistan * Turks and Caicos Islands (GB) * Tuvalu * U.S. Minor Pacific Islands (US) * U.S. Virgin Islands (US) * Uganda * Ukraine * United Arab Emirates * United Kingdom * United States * Uruguay * Uzbekistan * Vanuatu * Vatican City * Venezuela * Vietnam * Wallis and Futuna (FR) * Yemen * Zambia * Zimbabwe George V George V is pale-eyed, grey-bearded, of slim build and wearing a uniform and medals George V in 1923 King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions, Emperor of India (more ...) Reign 6 May 1910 – 20 January 1936 Coronation 22 June 1911 Imperial Durbar 12 December 1911 Predecessor Edward VII Successor Edward VIII Born Prince George of Wales 3 June 1865 Marlborough House, Westminster, Middlesex, England Died 20 January 1936 (aged 70) Sandringham House, Norfolk, England Burial 28 January 1936 St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle Spouse Mary of Teck (m. 1893) Issue Detail Edward VIII George VI Mary, Princess Royal Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester Prince George, Duke of Kent Prince John Names George Frederick Ernest Albert House Windsor (from 1917) Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (until 1917) Father Edward VII Mother Alexandra of Denmark Signature George V's signature Military career Service Royal Navy Years of active service 1877–1892 Rank See list Commands held Torpedo Boat 79 HMS Thrush HMS Melampus George V (George Frederick Ernest Albert; 3 June 1865 – 20 January 1936) was King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions, and Emperor of India, from 6 May 1910 until his death. Born during the reign of his grandmother Queen Victoria, George was the second son of Albert Edward, Prince of Wales, and was third in the line of succession to the British throne behind his father and elder brother, Prince Albert Victor. From 1877 to 1892, George served in the Royal Navy, until the unexpected death of his elder brother in early 1892 put him directly in line for the throne. On Victoria's death in 1901, George's father ascended the throne as Edward VII, and George was created Prince of Wales. He became king-emperor on his father's death in 1910. George's reign saw the rise of socialism, communism, fascism, Irish republicanism, and the Indian independence movement, all of which radically changed the political landscape of the British Empire. The Parliament Act 1911 established the supremacy of the elected British House of Commons over the unelected House of Lords. As a result of the First World War (1914–1918), the empires of his first cousins Nicholas II of Russia and Wilhelm II of Germany fell, while the British Empire expanded to its greatest effective extent. In 1917, he became the first monarch of the House of Windsor, which he renamed from the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha as a result of anti-German public sentiment. In 1924, George appointed the first Labour ministry and the 1931 Statute of Westminster recognised the Empire's dominions as separate, independent states within the British Commonwealth of Nations. George suffered from smoking-related health problems throughout much of his later reign, and at his death was succeeded by his eldest son, Edward VIII. Early life and education George was born on 3 June 1865, in Marlborough House, London. He was the second son of Albert Edward, Prince of Wales, and Alexandra, Princess of Wales. His father was the eldest son of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert, and his mother was the eldest daughter of King Christian IX and Queen Louise of Denmark. He was baptised at Windsor Castle on 7 July 1865 by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Charles Longley.[a] Boy wearing a sailor suit George as a young boy, 1870 As a younger son of the Prince of Wales, there was little expectation that George would become king. He was third in line to the throne, after his father and elder brother, Prince Albert Victor. George was only 17 months younger than Albert Victor, and the two princes were educated together. John Neale Dalton was appointed as their tutor in 1871. Neither Albert Victor nor George excelled intellectually.[2] As their father thought that the navy was "the very best possible training for any boy",[3] in September 1877, when George was 12 years old, both brothers joined the cadet training ship HMS Britannia at Dartmouth, Devon.[4] For three years from 1879, the royal brothers served on HMS Bacchante, accompanied by Dalton. They toured the colonies of the British Empire in the Caribbean, South Africa and Australia, and visited Norfolk, Virginia, as well as South America, the Mediterranean, Egypt, and East Asia. In 1881 on a visit to Japan, George had a local artist tattoo a blue and red dragon on his arm,[5] and was received in an audience by the Emperor Meiji; George and his brother presented Empress Haruko with two wallabies from Australia.[6] Dalton wrote an account of their journey entitled The Cruise of HMS Bacchante.[7] Between Melbourne and Sydney, Dalton recorded a sighting of the Flying Dutchman, a mythical ghost ship.[8] When they returned to Britain, the Queen complained that her grandsons could not speak French or German, and so they spent six months in Lausanne in an ultimately unsuccessful attempt to learn another language.[9] After Lausanne, the brothers were separated; Albert Victor attended Trinity College, Cambridge, while George continued in the Royal Navy. He travelled the world, visiting many areas of the British Empire. During his naval career he commanded Torpedo Boat 79 in home waters, then HMS Thrush on the North America and West Indies Station. His last active service was in command of HMS Melampus in 1891–1892. From then on, his naval rank was largely honorary.[10] Marriage See also: Wedding of Prince George, Duke of York, and Princess Mary of Teck Pale-eyed young man with a beard and moustache George, 1893 As a young man destined to serve in the navy, Prince George served for many years under the command of his uncle, Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh, who was stationed in Malta. There, he grew close to and fell in love with his cousin, Princess Marie of Edinburgh. His grandmother, father and uncle all approved the match, but his mother and aunt—the Princess of Wales and Maria Alexandrovna, Duchess of Edinburgh—opposed it. The Princess of Wales thought the family was too pro-German, and the Duchess of Edinburgh disliked England. The Duchess, the only daughter of Alexander II of Russia, resented the fact that, as the wife of a younger son of the British sovereign, she had to yield precedence to George's mother, the Princess of Wales, whose father had been a minor German prince before being called unexpectedly to the throne of Denmark. Guided by her mother, Marie refused George when he proposed to her. She married Ferdinand, the future King of Romania, in 1893.[11] George and Mary on their wedding day In November 1891, George's elder brother, Albert Victor, became engaged to his second cousin once removed Princess Victoria Mary of Teck, known as "May" within the family.[12] Her parents were Francis, Duke of Teck (a member of a morganatic, cadet branch of the House of Württemberg), and Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge, a male-line granddaughter of George III and a first cousin of Queen Victoria.[13] On 14 January 1892, six weeks after the formal engagement, Albert Victor died of pneumonia during an influenza pandemic, leaving George second in line to the throne, and likely to succeed after his father. George had only just recovered from a serious illness himself, having been confined to bed for six weeks with typhoid fever, the disease that was thought to have killed his grandfather Prince Albert.[14] Queen Victoria still regarded Princess May as a suitable match for her grandson, and George and May grew close during their shared period of mourning.[15] A year after Albert Victor's death, George proposed to May and was accepted. They married on 6 July 1893 at the Chapel Royal in St James's Palace, London. Throughout their lives, they remained devoted to each other. George was, on his own admission, unable to express his feelings easily in speech, but they often exchanged loving letters and notes of endearment.[16] Duke of York George with his children, Edward, Albert, and Mary, photographed by Alexandra in 1899 The death of his elder brother effectively ended George's naval career, as he was now second in line to the throne, after his father.[17] George was created Duke of York, Earl of Inverness, and Baron Killarney by Queen Victoria on 24 May 1892,[18] and received lessons in constitutional history from J. R. Tanner.[19] The Duke and Duchess of York had five sons and a daughter. Randolph Churchill claimed that George was a strict father, to the extent that his children were terrified of him, and that George had remarked to the Earl of Derby: "My father was frightened of his mother, I was frightened of my father, and I am damned well going to see to it that my children are frightened of me." In reality, there is no direct source for the quotation and it is likely that George's parenting style was little different from that adopted by most people at the time.[20] Whether this was the case or not, his children did seem to resent his strict nature, Prince Henry going as far as to describe him as a "terrible father" in later years.[21] They lived mainly at York Cottage,[22] a relatively small house in Sandringham, Norfolk, where their way of life mirrored that of a comfortable middle-class family rather than royalty.[23] George preferred a simple, almost quiet, life, in marked contrast to the lively social life pursued by his father. His official biographer, Harold Nicolson, later despaired of George's time as Duke of York, writing: "He may be all right as a young midshipman and a wise old king, but when he was Duke of York ... he did nothing at all but kill [i.e. shoot] animals and stick in stamps."[24] George was an avid stamp collector, which Nicolson disparaged,[25] but George played a large role in building the Royal Philatelic Collection into the most comprehensive collection of United Kingdom and Commonwealth stamps in the world, in some cases setting record purchase prices for items.[26] In October 1894, George's maternal uncle-by-marriage, Alexander III of Russia, died. At the request of his father, "out of respect for poor dear Uncle Sasha's memory", George joined his parents in St Petersburg for the funeral.[27] He and his parents remained in Russia for the wedding a week later of the new Russian emperor, his maternal first cousin Nicholas II, to one of George's paternal first cousins, Princess Alix of Hesse and by Rhine, who had once been considered as a potential bride for George's elder brother.[28] Prince of Wales 3:48 George at Montreal and Quebec, 1901 As Duke of York, George carried out a wide variety of public duties. On the death of Queen Victoria on 22 January 1901, George's father ascended the throne as King Edward VII.[29] George inherited the title of Duke of Cornwall, and for much of the rest of that year, he was known as the Duke of Cornwall and York.[30] In 1901, the Duke and Duchess toured the British Empire. Their tour included Gibraltar, Malta, Port Said, Aden, Ceylon, Singapore, Australia, New Zealand, Mauritius, South Africa, Canada, and the Colony of Newfoundland. The tour was designed by Colonial Secretary Joseph Chamberlain with the support of Prime Minister Lord Salisbury to reward the Dominions for their participation in the South African War of 1899–1902. George presented thousands of specially designed South African War medals to colonial troops. In South Africa, the royal party met civic leaders, African leaders, and Boer prisoners, and was greeted by elaborate decorations, expensive gifts, and fireworks displays. Despite this, not all residents responded favourably to the tour. Many white Cape Afrikaners resented the display and expense, the war having weakened their capacity to reconcile their Afrikaner-Dutch culture with their status as British subjects. Critics in the English-language press decried the enormous cost at a time when families faced severe hardship.[31] Painting by Tom Roberts of the Duke opening the first Parliament of Australia on 9 May 1901 In Australia, the Duke opened the first session of the Australian Parliament upon the creation of the Commonwealth of Australia.[32] In New Zealand, he praised the military values, bravery, loyalty, and obedience to duty of New Zealanders, and the tour gave New Zealand a chance to show off its progress, especially in its adoption of up-to-date British standards in communications and the processing industries. The implicit goal was to advertise New Zealand's attractiveness to tourists and potential immigrants, while avoiding news of growing social tensions, by focusing the attention of the British press on a land few knew about.[33] On his return to Britain, in a speech at Guildhall, London, George warned of "the impression which seemed to prevail among [our] brethren across the seas, that the Old Country must wake up if she intends to maintain her old position of pre-eminence in her colonial trade against foreign competitors."[34] On 9 November 1901, George was created Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester.[35][36] King Edward wished to prepare his son for his future role as king. In contrast to Edward himself, whom Queen Victoria had deliberately excluded from state affairs, George was given wide access to state documents by his father.[17][37] George in turn allowed his wife access to his papers,[38] as he valued her counsel and she often helped write her husband's speeches.[39] As Prince of Wales, he supported reforms in naval training, including cadets being enrolled at the ages of twelve and thirteen, and receiving the same education, whatever their class and eventual assignments. The reforms were implemented by the then Second (later First) Sea Lord, Sir John Fisher.[40] From November 1905 to March 1906, George and May toured British India, where he was disgusted by racial discrimination and campaigned for greater involvement of Indians in the government of the country.[41] The tour was almost immediately followed by a trip to Spain for the wedding of King Alfonso XIII to Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg, a first cousin of George, at which the bride and groom narrowly avoided assassination.[b] A week after returning to Britain, George and May travelled to Norway for the coronation of King Haakon VII, George's cousin and brother-in-law, and Queen Maud, George's sister.[42] King and emperor Portrait by Fildes, 1911 On 6 May 1910, Edward VII died, and George became king. He wrote in his diary, I have lost my best friend and the best of fathers ... I never had a [cross] word with him in my life. I am heart-broken and overwhelmed with grief but God will help me in my responsibilities and darling May will be my comfort as she has always been. May God give me strength and guidance in the heavy task which has fallen on me[43] George had never liked his wife's habit of signing official documents and letters as "Victoria Mary" and insisted she drop one of those names. They both thought she should not be called Queen Victoria, and so she became Queen Mary.[44] Later that year, a radical propagandist, Edward Mylius, published a lie that George had secretly married in Malta as a young man, and that consequently his marriage to Queen Mary was bigamous. The lie had first surfaced in print in 1893, but George had shrugged it off as a joke. In an effort to kill off rumours, Mylius was arrested, tried and found guilty of criminal libel, and was sentenced to a year in prison.[45] George objected to the anti-Catholic wording of the Accession Declaration that he would be required to make at the opening of his first parliament. He made it known that he would refuse to open parliament unless it was changed. As a result, the Accession Declaration Act 1910 shortened the declaration and removed the most offensive phrases.[46] The King and Queen at the Delhi Durbar, 1911 George and Mary's coronation took place at Westminster Abbey on 22 June 1911,[17] and was celebrated by the Festival of Empire in London. In July, the King and Queen visited Ireland for five days; they received a warm welcome, with thousands of people lining the route of their procession to cheer.[47][48] Later in 1911, the King and Queen travelled to India for the Delhi Durbar, where they were presented to an assembled audience of Indian dignitaries and princes as the Emperor and Empress of India on 12 December 1911. George wore the newly created Imperial Crown of India at the ceremony, and declared the shifting of the Indian capital from Calcutta to Delhi. He was the only Emperor of India to be present at his own Delhi Durbar. As he and Mary travelled throughout the subcontinent, George took the opportunity to indulge in big game hunting in Nepal, shooting 21 tigers, 8 rhinoceroses and a bear over 10 days.[49] He was a keen and expert marksman.[50] On a later occasion, on 18 December 1913, he shot over a thousand pheasants in six hours (about one bird every 20 seconds) while visiting the home of Lord Burnham. Even George had to acknowledge that "we went a little too far" that day.[51] National politics George inherited the throne at a politically turbulent time.[52] Lloyd George's People's Budget had been rejected the previous year by the Conservative and Unionist-dominated House of Lords, contrary to the normal convention that the Lords did not veto money bills.[53] Liberal Prime Minister H. H. Asquith had asked the previous king to give an undertaking that he would create sufficient Liberal peers to force the budget through the House. Edward had reluctantly agreed, provided the Lords rejected the budget after two successive general elections. After the January 1910 general election, the Conservative peers allowed the budget, for which the government now had an electoral mandate, to pass without a vote.[54] Gold coin with left-facing profile portrait of George V A George V half-sovereign (Bertram Mackennal, sculptor) Asquith attempted to curtail the power of the Lords through constitutional reforms, which were again blocked by the Upper House. A constitutional conference on the reforms broke down in November 1910 after 21 meetings. Asquith and Lord Crewe, Liberal leader in the Lords, asked George to grant a dissolution, leading to a second general election, and to promise to create sufficient Liberal peers if the Lords blocked the legislation again.[55] If George refused, the Liberal government would otherwise resign, which would have given the appearance that the monarch was taking sides – with "the peers against the people" – in party politics.[56] The King's two private secretaries, the Liberal Lord Knollys and the Unionist Lord Stamfordham, gave George conflicting advice.[57][58] Knollys advised George to accept the Cabinet's demands, while Stamfordham advised George to accept the resignation.[57] Like his father, George reluctantly agreed to the dissolution and creation of peers, although he felt his ministers had taken advantage of his inexperience to browbeat him.[59] After the December 1910 general election, the Lords let the bill pass on hearing of the threat to swamp the house with new peers.[60] The subsequent Parliament Act 1911 permanently removed – with a few exceptions – the power of the Lords to veto bills. The King later came to feel that Knollys had withheld information from him about the willingness of the opposition to form a government if the Liberals had resigned.[61] The 1910 general elections had left the Liberals as a minority government dependent upon the support of the Irish Nationalist Party. As desired by the Nationalists, Asquith introduced legislation that would give Ireland Home Rule, but the Conservatives and Unionists opposed it.[17][62] As tempers rose over the Home Rule Bill, which would never have been possible without the Parliament Act, relations between the elderly Knollys and the Conservatives became poor, and he was pushed into retirement.[63] Desperate to avoid the prospect of civil war in Ireland between Unionists and Nationalists, George called a meeting of all parties at Buckingham Palace in July 1914 in an attempt to negotiate a settlement.[64] After four days the conference ended without an agreement.[17][65] Political developments in Britain and Ireland were overtaken by events in Europe, and the issue of Irish Home Rule was suspended for the duration of the war.[17][66] First World War George V in the ceremonial robes of the Garter sweeps aside assorted crowns labelled "Made in Germany" "A good riddance" — a cartoon of 1917 shows George sweeping away his German titles On 4 August 1914, the King wrote in his diary, "I held a council at 10.45 to declare war with Germany. It is a terrible catastrophe but it is not our fault. ... Please to God it may soon be over."[67] From 1914 to 1918, Britain and its allies were at war with the Central Powers, led by the German Empire. The German Kaiser Wilhelm II, who for the British public came to symbolise all the horrors of the war, was the King's first cousin. The King's paternal grandfather was Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha; consequently, the King and his children bore the German titles Prince and Princess of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and Duke and Duchess of Saxony. Queen Mary, although born in England like her mother, was the daughter of the Duke of Teck, a descendant of the German Dukes of Württemberg. The King had brothers-in-law and cousins who were British subjects but who bore German titles such as Duke and Duchess of Teck, Prince and Princess of Battenberg, and Prince and Princess of Schleswig-Holstein. When H. G. Wells wrote about Britain's "alien and uninspiring court", George replied: "I may be uninspiring, but I'll be damned if I'm alien."[68] On 17 July 1917, George appeased British nationalist feelings by issuing a royal proclamation that changed the name of the British royal house from the German-sounding House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha to the House of Windsor.[69] He and all his British relatives relinquished their German titles and styles and adopted British-sounding surnames. George compensated his male relatives by giving them British peerages. His cousin Prince Louis of Battenberg, who earlier in the war had been forced to resign as First Sea Lord through anti-German feeling, became Louis Mountbatten, 1st Marquess of Milford Haven, while Queen Mary's brothers became Adolphus Cambridge, 1st Marquess of Cambridge, and Alexander Cambridge, 1st Earl of Athlone.[70] Two bearded men of identical height wear military dress uniforms emblazoned with medals and stand side-by-side George V (right) and his cousin Nicholas II of Russia in German uniforms before the war In letters patent gazetted on 11 December 1917, the King restricted the style of "Royal Highness" and the titular dignity of "Prince (or Princess) of Great Britain and Ireland" to the children of the Sovereign, the children of the sons of the Sovereign and the eldest living son of the eldest son of a Prince of Wales.[71] The letters patent also stated that "the titles of Royal Highness, Highness or Serene Highness, and the titular dignity of Prince and Princess shall cease except those titles already granted and remaining unrevoked". George's relatives who fought on the German side, such as Ernest Augustus, Crown Prince of Hanover, and Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, had their British peerages suspended by a 1919 Order in Council under the provisions of the Titles Deprivation Act 1917. Under pressure from his mother, Queen Alexandra, the King also removed the Garter flags of his German relations from St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle.[72] When Tsar Nicholas II of Russia, George's first cousin, was overthrown in the Russian Revolution of 1917, the British government offered political asylum to the Tsar and his family, but worsening conditions for the British people, and fears that revolution might come to the British Isles, led George to think that the presence of the Romanovs would be seen as inappropriate.[73] Despite the later claims of Lord Mountbatten of Burma that Prime Minister David Lloyd George was opposed to the rescue of the Russian imperial family, the letters of Lord Stamfordham suggest that it was George V who opposed the idea against the advice of the government.[74] Advance planning for a rescue was undertaken by MI1, a branch of the British secret service,[75] but because of the strengthening position of the Bolshevik revolutionaries and wider difficulties with the conduct of the war, the plan was never put into operation.[76] The Tsar and his immediate family remained in Russia, where they were killed by the Bolsheviks in 1918. George wrote in his diary: "It was a foul murder. I was devoted to Nicky, who was the kindest of men and thorough gentleman: loved his country and people."[77] The following year, Nicholas's mother, Marie Feodorovna, and other members of the extended Russian imperial family were rescued from Crimea by a British warship.[78] Two months after the end of the war, the King's youngest son, John, died aged 13 after a lifetime of ill health. George was informed of his death by Queen Mary, who wrote, "[John] had been a great anxiety to us for many years ... The first break in the family circle is hard to bear but people have been so kind & sympathetic & this has helped us much."[79] In May 1922, the King toured Belgium and northern France, visiting the First World War cemeteries and memorials being constructed by the Imperial War Graves Commission. The event was described in a poem, The King's Pilgrimage by Rudyard Kipling.[80] The tour, and one short visit to Italy in 1923, were the only times George agreed to leave the United Kingdom on official business after the end of the war.[81] Post-war reign The British Empire at its territorial peak in 1921 Before the First World War, most of Europe was ruled by monarchs related to George, but during and after the war, the monarchies of Austria, Germany, Greece, and Spain, like Russia, fell to revolution and war. In March 1919, Lieutenant-Colonel Edward Lisle Strutt was dispatched on the personal authority of the King to escort the former Emperor Charles I of Austria and his family to safety in Switzerland.[82] In 1922, a Royal Navy ship was sent to Greece to rescue his cousins, Prince and Princess Andrew.[83] Political turmoil in Ireland continued as the Nationalists fought for independence; George expressed his horror at government-sanctioned killings and reprisals to Prime Minister Lloyd George.[84] At the opening session of the Parliament of Northern Ireland on 22 June 1921, the King appealed for conciliation in a speech part drafted by General Jan Smuts and approved by Lloyd George.[85] A few weeks later, a truce was agreed.[86] Negotiations between Britain and the Irish secessionists led to the signing of the Anglo-Irish Treaty.[87] By the end of 1922, Ireland was partitioned, the Irish Free State was established, and Lloyd George was out of office.[88] The King and his advisers were concerned about the rise of socialism and the growing labour movement, which they mistakenly associated with republicanism. The socialists no longer believed in their anti-monarchical slogans and were ready to come to terms with the monarchy if it took the first step. George adopted a more democratic, inclusive stance that crossed class lines and brought the monarchy closer to the public and the working class—a dramatic change for the King, who was most comfortable with naval officers and landed gentry. He cultivated friendly relations with moderate Labour Party politicians and trade union officials. His abandonment of social aloofness conditioned the royal family's behaviour and enhanced its popularity during the economic crises of the 1920s and for over two generations thereafter.[89][90] The years between 1922 and 1929 saw frequent changes in government. In 1924, George appointed the first Labour Prime Minister, Ramsay MacDonald, in the absence of a clear majority for any one of the three major parties. George's tact in appointing the first Labour government (which lasted less than a year) allayed the suspicions of the party's sympathisers that he would work against their interests. During the General Strike of 1926 the King advised the government of Conservative Stanley Baldwin against taking inflammatory action,[91] and took exception to suggestions that the strikers were "revolutionaries" saying, "Try living on their wages before you judge them."[92] A group pose of eight men in smart evening wear. The King sits in the middle surrounded by his prime ministers. 1926 Imperial Conference: George V and the prime ministers of the Empire. Clockwise from centre front: George V, Baldwin (United Kingdom), Monroe (Newfoundland), Coates (New Zealand), Bruce (Australia), Hertzog (South Africa), Cosgrave (Irish Free State), King (Canada). In 1926, George hosted an Imperial Conference in London at which the Balfour Declaration accepted the growth of the British Dominions into self-governing "autonomous Communities within the British Empire, equal in status, in no way subordinate one to another". The Statute of Westminster 1931 formalised the Dominions' legislative independence[93] and established that the succession to the throne could not be changed unless all the Parliaments of the Dominions as well as the Parliament at Westminster agreed.[17] The Statute's preamble described the monarch as "the symbol of the free association of the members of the British Commonwealth of Nations", who were "united by a common allegiance".[94] In the wake of a world financial crisis, the King encouraged the formation of a National Government in 1931 led by MacDonald and Baldwin,[95][c] and volunteered to reduce the civil list to help balance the budget.[95] He was concerned by the rise to power in Germany of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party.[98] In 1934, the King bluntly told the German ambassador Leopold von Hoesch that Germany was now the peril of the world, and that there was bound to be a war within ten years if Germany went on at the present rate; he warned the British ambassador in Berlin, Eric Phipps, to be suspicious of the Nazis.[99] The King's Christmas broadcast, 1934 In 1932, George agreed to deliver a Royal Christmas speech on the radio, an event that became annual thereafter. He was not in favour of the innovation originally but was persuaded by the argument that it was what his people wanted.[100] By the Silver Jubilee of his reign in 1935, he had become a well-loved king, saying in response to the crowd's adulation, "I cannot understand it, after all I am only a very ordinary sort of fellow."[101] George's relationship with his eldest son and heir, Edward, deteriorated in these later years. George was disappointed in Edward's failure to settle down in life and appalled by his many affairs with married women.[17] In contrast, he was fond of his second son, Prince Albert (later George VI), and doted on his eldest granddaughter, Princess Elizabeth; he nicknamed her "Lilibet", and she affectionately called him "Grandpa England".[102] In 1935, George said of his son Edward: "After I am dead, the boy will ruin himself within 12 months", and of Albert and Elizabeth: "I pray to God my eldest son will never marry and have children, and that nothing will come between Bertie and Lilibet and the throne."[103][104] Declining health and death Portrait by Arthur Stockdale Cope, 1933 The First World War took a toll on George's health: he was seriously injured on 28 October 1915 when thrown by his horse at a troop review in France,[105] and his heavy smoking exacerbated recurring breathing problems. He suffered from chronic bronchitis. In 1925, on the instruction of his doctors, he was reluctantly sent on a recuperative private cruise in the Mediterranean; it was his third trip abroad since the war, and his last.[106] In November 1928, he fell seriously ill with septicaemia, and for the next two years his son Edward took over many of his duties.[107] In 1929, the suggestion of a further rest abroad was rejected by the King "in rather strong language".[108] Instead, he retired for three months to Craigweil House, Aldwick, in the seaside resort of Bognor, Sussex.[109] As a result of his stay, the town acquired the suffix Regis – Latin for "of the King". A myth later grew that his last words, upon being told that he would soon be well enough to revisit the town, were "Bugger Bognor!"[110][111][112] George never fully recovered. In his final year, he was occasionally administered oxygen.[113] The death of his favourite sister, Victoria, in December 1935 depressed him deeply. On the evening of 15 January 1936, the King took to his bedroom at Sandringham House complaining of a cold; he remained in the room until his death.[114] He became gradually weaker, drifting in and out of consciousness. Prime Minister Baldwin later said: ... each time he became conscious it was some kind inquiry or kind observation of someone, some words of gratitude for kindness shown. But he did say to his secretary when he sent for him: "How is the Empire?" An unusual phrase in that form, and the secretary said: "All is well, sir, with the Empire", and the King gave him a smile and relapsed once more into unconsciousness.[115] By 20 January, he was close to death. His physicians, led by Lord Dawson of Penn, issued a bulletin with the words "The King's life is moving peacefully towards its close."[116][117] Dawson's private diary, unearthed after his death and made public in 1986, reveals that the King's last words, a mumbled "God damn you!",[118] were addressed to his nurse, Catherine Black, when she gave him a sedative that night. Dawson, who supported the "gentle growth of euthanasia",[119] admitted in the diary that he ended the King's life:[118][120][121] At about 11 o'clock it was evident that the last stage might endure for many hours, unknown to the Patient but little comporting with that dignity and serenity which he so richly merited and which demanded a brief final scene. Hours of waiting just for the mechanical end when all that is really life has departed only exhausts the onlookers & keeps them so strained that they cannot avail themselves of the solace of thought, communion or prayer. I therefore decided to determine the end and injected (myself) morphia gr.3/4 and shortly afterwards cocaine gr.1 into the distended jugular vein ... In about 1/4 an hour – breathing quieter – appearance more placid – physical struggle gone.[121] Dawson wrote that he acted to preserve the King's dignity, to prevent further strain on the family, and so that the King's death at 11:55 PM could be announced in the morning edition of The Times newspaper rather than "less appropriate ... evening journals".[118][120] Neither Queen Mary, who was intensely religious and might not have sanctioned euthanasia, nor the Prince of Wales was consulted. The royal family did not want the King to endure pain and suffering and did not want his life prolonged artificially but neither did they approve Dawson's actions.[122] British Pathé announced the King's death the following day, in which he was described as "for each one of us, more than a King, a father of a great family".[123] The German composer Paul Hindemith went to a BBC studio on the morning after the King's death and in six hours wrote Trauermusik ("Mourning Music"), for viola and orchestra. It was performed that same evening in a live broadcast by the BBC, with Adrian Boult conducting the BBC Symphony Orchestra and the composer as soloist.[124] At the procession to George's lying in state in Westminster Hall, the cross surmounting the Imperial State Crown atop George's coffin fell off and landed in the gutter as the cortège turned into New Palace Yard. The new king, George's eldest son Edward, saw it fall and wondered whether it was a bad omen for his new reign.[125] As a mark of respect to their father, George's four surviving sons – Edward, Albert, Henry, and George – mounted the guard, known as the Vigil of the Princes, at the catafalque on the night before the funeral.[126] The vigil was not repeated until the death of George's daughter-in-law, Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother, in 2002. George V was interred at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, on 28 January 1936.[127] Edward abdicated before the year was out, leaving Albert to ascend the throne as George VI. Legacy Equestrian statue in dark grey metal of George V in military dress uniform on a plinth of red granite outside a Classical building of red sandstone Statue of King George V in King George Square outside Brisbane City Hall George V disliked sitting for portraits[17] and despised modern art; he was so displeased by one portrait by Charles Sims that he ordered it to be burned.[128] He did admire sculptor Bertram Mackennal, who created statues of George for display in Madras and Delhi, and William Reid Dick, whose statue of George V stands outside Westminster Abbey, London.[17] Although he and his wife occasionally toured the British Empire, George preferred to stay at home pursuing his hobbies of stamp collecting and game shooting and lived a life that later biographers would consider dull because of its conventionality.[129] He was not an intellectual: on returning from one evening at the opera he wrote, "Went to Covent Garden and saw Fidelio and damned dull it was."[130] He was earnestly devoted to Britain and its Commonwealth.[131] He explained, "it has always been my dream to identify myself with the great idea of Empire."[132] He appeared hard-working and became widely admired by the people of Britain and the Empire, as well as "the Establishment".[133] In the words of historian David Cannadine, King George V and Queen Mary were an "inseparably devoted couple" who upheld "character" and "family values".[134] George established a standard of conduct for British royalty that reflected the values and virtues of the upper middle-class rather than upper-class lifestyles or vices.[135] Acting within his constitutional bounds, he dealt skilfully with a succession of crises: Ireland, the First World War, and the first socialist minority government in Britain.[17] He was by temperament a traditionalist who never fully appreciated or approved the revolutionary changes under way in British society.[136] Nevertheless, he invariably wielded his influence as a force of neutrality and moderation, seeing his role as mediator rather than final decision maker.[137] George V Statue in Kolkata, Victoria Memorial Museum Titles, styles, honours and arms Titles and styles His full style as king was "George V, by the Grace of God, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and of the British Dominions beyond the Seas, King, Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India" until the Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 1927, when it changed to "George V, by the Grace of God, of Great Britain, Ireland and the British Dominions beyond the Seas, King, Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India".[138] British honours KG: Royal Knight of the Garter, 4 August 1884[139] KT: Knight of the Thistle, 5 July 1893[139] Sub-Prior of the Venerable Order of St. John, 1893[140] PC: Privy Counsellor, 18 July 1894[139] Privy Counsellor (Ireland), 20 August 1897[139] GCVO: Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order, 30 June 1897[139] KP: Knight of St Patrick, 20 August 1897[139] GCMG: Knight Grand Cross of St Michael and St George, 9 March 1901[139][141] Royal Victorian Chain, 9 August 1902[142] ISO: Companion of the Imperial Service Order, 31 March 1903[139] GCSI: Knight Grand Commander of the Star of India, 28 September 1905[139] GCIE: Knight Grand Commander of the Indian Empire, 28 September 1905[139] Queen Victoria Golden Jubilee Medal, with 1897 bar[143] On 4 June 1917, he founded the Order of the British Empire.[144] Military appointments Military ranks and naval appointments September 1877: Cadet, HMS Britannia[145] 8 January 1880: Midshipman, HMS Bacchante and the corvette HMS Canada[139] 3 June 1884: Sub-Lieutenant, Royal Navy[139] 8 October 1885: Lieutenant, HMS Thunderer; HMS Dreadnought; HMS Alexandra; HMS Northumberland[139] July 1889 I/C HMS Torpedo Boat 79[146] By May 1890 I/C the gunboat HMS Thrush[147] 24 August 1891: Commander, I/C HMS Melampus[139] 2 January 1893: Captain, Royal Navy[139] 1 January 1901: Rear-Admiral, Royal Navy[139][148] 26 June 1903: Vice-Admiral, Royal Navy[139] 1 March 1907: Admiral, Royal Navy[139][149] 1910: Admiral of the Fleet, Royal Navy[139] 1910: Field Marshal, British Army[149] 1919: Chief of the Royal Air Force (title not rank)[150] Honorary military appointments 21 June 1887: Personal Aide-de-Camp to the Queen[151] 18 July 1900: Colonel-in-Chief of the Royal Fusiliers (City of London Regiment)[152] 1 January 1901: Colonel-in-Chief of the Royal Marine Forces[153] 25 February 1901: Personal Naval Aide-de-Camp to the King[154] 29 November 1901: Honorary Colonel of the 4th County of London Yeomanry Regiment (King's Colonials)[155] 21 December 1901: Colonel-in-Chief of the Royal Welsh Fusiliers[156] 12 November 1902: Colonel-in-Chief of the Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders[157] April 1917: Colonel-in-Chief of the Royal Flying Corps (Naval and Military Wings)[158] Foreign honours Grand Cross of the Ludwig Order (Hesse and by Rhine), 22 July 1885[159] Knight of the Order of the Elephant (Denmark), 11 October 1885[139][160] Grand Cross of the Saxe-Ernestine House Order (Ernestine duchies), 1885[161] Grand Cross of the Sash of the Two Orders (Kingdom of Portugal), 20 May 1886[162] Grand Cross of the Order of Charles III (Spain), 20 May 1888[163] Knight with Collar of the Order of the Black Eagle (Prussia),[139][164] 8 August 1889[165] Grand Cross of the Order of the Red Eagle (Prussia),[164] 8 August 1889 Grand Cross of the Order of the Württemberg Crown (Württemberg), 1890[166] Cross of Honour of the Order of the Dannebrog (Denmark), 9 September 1891[160] Knight of the Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation (Italy), 28 April 1892[167] Grand Cross of the Order of the White Falcon (Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach), 1892[168] Grand Cross with Crown in Ore of the House Order of the Wendish Crown (Mecklenburg), 22 June 1893[169] Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece (Spain), 17 July 1893[170] Knight of the Order of St. Andrew (Russian Empire), 1893[171][172] Knight of the Order of St. Alexander Nevsky (Russian Empire), 1893[171][172] Knight of the Order of the White Eagle (Russian Empire), 1893[171][172] Knight 1st Class of the Order of St. Anna (Russian Empire), 1893[171][172] Knight 1st Class of the Order of St. Stanislaus (Russian Empire), 1893[171][172] Knight of the Order of the Royal House of Chakri (Siam), 30 July 1897[173] Grand Commander's Cross of the Royal House Order of Hohenzollern (Prussia), 8 May 1901[164][174] Grand Cordon of the Supreme Order of the Chrysanthemum (Japan), 13 April 1902[175] Knight of the Order of the Rue Crown (Saxony), October 1902[139][176] Grand Cross of the Order of St. Stephen (Austria-Hungary), 1902[177] Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour (France), July 1903[178] Knight of the Order of the Seraphim (Sweden), 14 June 1905[139][179] Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Charles III (Spain), 30 May 1906[180] Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of St. Olav (Norway), 22 June 1906[181] Knight with Collar of the Order of the Golden Lion (Hesse and by Rhine), 17 July 1910[159] Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Carol I (Romania), 1910[182] Collar of the Supreme Order of the Chrysanthemum (Japan), 30 March 1911[183] Knight of the Order of St. Hubert (Bavaria), 1911[184] Grand Commander of the Order of the Dannebrog (Denmark), 18 April 1913[185] Grand Commander with Diamonds of the Order of the Dannebrog (Denmark), 9 May 1914[186] Member 1st Class with Diamonds of the Order of Osmanieh (Ottoman Empire)[139] Grand Cross of the Order of the Redeemer (Greece)[143] King Christian IX Jubilee Medal (Denmark)[143] King Christian IX Centenary Medal (Denmark)[160] King Christian IX and Queen Louise of Denmark Golden Wedding Commemorative Medal (Denmark)[143][160] Knight 3rd Class of the Order of St. George (Russian Empire), 14 March 1918[187] Grand Cross of the Sash of the Three Orders (Portuguese Republic), 1919[188] Knight with Collar of the Order of Muhammad Ali (Egypt), 1920[189] Cross of Liberty, Grade I Class I (Estonia), 17 June 1925[190] Grand Cross of the Order of the Colonial Empire (Portuguese Republic), 19 February 1934[191] Grand Cross of the Order of San Marino (San Marino)[192] Knight with Collar of the Order of Solomon (Ethiopia), 1935[193] Honorary foreign military appointments 1 February 1901: À la suite of the Imperial German Navy[194] 26 January 1902: Colonel-in-Chief of the Rhenish Cuirassier Regiment "Count Geßler" No. 8 (Prussia)[195] 24 May 1910: Admiral of the Royal Danish Navy[196] Honorary Colonel of the Infantry Regiment "Zamora" No. 8 (Spain)[197][198] 29 October 1918: Honorary Field Marshal of the Imperial Japanese Army[199] 1923: Honorary Admiral of the Swedish Navy[200] Honorary degrees and offices 8 June 1893: Royal Fellow of the Royal Society,[139] installed 6 February 1902[201] 1899: Doctor of Laws (LLD), University of the Cape of Good Hope[202] 1901: Doctor of Laws (LLD), University of Sydney[203] 1901: Doctor of Laws (LLD), University of Toronto[204] 1901: Doctor of Civil Law (DCL), Queen's University, Ontario[205] 1902: Doctor of Laws (LLD), University of Wales[206] 1901: Chancellor of the University of Cape Town[207] 1901–1912: Chancellor of the University of the Cape of Good Hope[202] 1902–1910: Chancellor of the University of Wales[206] Arms As Duke of York, George's arms were the royal arms, with an inescutcheon of the arms of Saxony, all differenced with a label of three points argent, the centre point bearing an anchor azure. The anchor was removed from his coat of arms as the Prince of Wales. As King, he bore the royal arms. In 1917, he removed, by warrant, the Saxony inescutcheon from the arms of all male-line descendants of the Prince Consort domiciled in the United Kingdom (although the royal arms themselves had never borne the shield).[208] Coat of Arms of George, Duke of York.svg Coat of Arms of George, Prince of Wales (1901-1910).svg Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom (1837-1952).svg Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom in Scotland (1837-1952).svg Coat of arms as Duke of York Coat of arms as Prince of Wales Coat of arms as King of the United Kingdom (except in Scotland) Coat of arms as king in Scotland Issue See also: Descendants of George V Name Birth Death Marriage Their children Date Spouse Edward VIII (later Duke of Windsor) 23 June 1894 28 May 1972 (aged 77) 3 June 1937 Wallis Simpson None George VI 14 December 1895 6 February 1952 (aged 56) 26 April 1923 Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon Elizabeth II Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon Mary, Princess Royal 25 April 1897 28 March 1965 (aged 67) 28 February 1922 Henry Lascelles, 6th Earl of Harewood George Lascelles, 7th Earl of Harewood The Hon. Gerard Lascelles Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester 31 March 1900 10 June 1974 (aged 74) 6 November 1935 Lady Alice Montagu Douglas Scott Prince William of Gloucester Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester Prince George, Duke of Kent 20 December 1902 25 August 1942 (aged 39) 29 November 1934 Princess Marina of Greece and Denmark Prince Edward, Duke of Kent Princess Alexandra, The Honourable Lady Ogilvy Prince Michael of Kent Prince John 12 July 1905 18 January 1919 (aged 13) None None Ancestry Ancestors of George V[209] See also Household of King George V and Queen Mary Interwar Britain Notes His godparents were the King of Hanover (Queen Victoria's cousin, for whom Prince Edward of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach stood proxy); the Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (Prince Albert's brother, for whom the Lord President of the Council, Earl Granville, stood proxy); the Prince of Leiningen (the Prince of Wales's half-cousin); the Crown Prince of Denmark (the Princess of Wales's brother, for whom the Lord Chamberlain, Viscount Sydney, stood proxy); the Queen of Denmark (George's maternal grandmother, for whom Queen Victoria stood proxy); the Duke of Cambridge (Queen Victoria's cousin); the Duchess of Cambridge (Queen Victoria's aunt, for whom George's aunt Princess Helena stood proxy); and Princess Louis of Hesse and by Rhine (George's aunt, for whom her sister Princess Louise stood proxy).[1] The driver of their coach and over a dozen spectators were killed by a bomb thrown by an anarchist, Mateu Morral. Vernon Bogdanor argues that George V played a crucial and active role in the political crisis of August–October 1931, and was a determining influence on Prime Minister MacDonald.[96] Philip Williamson disputes Bogdanor, saying the idea of a national government had been in the minds of party leaders since late 1930 and it was they, not the King, who determined when the time had come to establish one.[97] References The Times (London), Saturday, 8 July 1865, p. 12. Clay, p. 39; Sinclair, pp. 46–47 Sinclair, pp. 49–50 Clay, p. 71; Rose, p. 7 Rose, p. 13 Keene, Donald (2002), Emperor of Japan: Meiji and his world, 1852–1912, Columbia University Press, pp. 350–351 Rose, p. 14; Sinclair, p. 55 Rose, p. 11 Clay, p. 92; Rose, pp. 15–16 Sinclair, p. 69 Pope-Hennessy, pp. 250–251 Rose, pp. 22–23 Rose, p. 29 Rose, pp. 20–21, 24 Pope-Hennessy, pp. 230–231 Sinclair, p. 178 Matthew, H. C. G. (September 2004; online edition May 2009) "George V (1865–1936)" Archived 23 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/33369, retrieved 1 May 2010 (Subscription required) Clay, p. 149 Clay, p. 150; Rose, p. 35 Rose, pp. 53–57; Sinclair, p. 93 ff Vickers, ch. 18 Renamed from Bachelor's Cottage Clay, p. 154; Nicolson, p. 51; Rose, p. 97 Harold Nicolson's diary quoted in Sinclair, p. 107 Nicolson's Comments 1944–1948, quoted in Rose, p. 42 The Royal Philatelic Collection, Official website of the British Monarchy, archived from the original on 15 April 2012, retrieved 1 May 2010 Clay, p. 167 Rose, pp. 22, 208–209 Rose, p. 42 Rose, pp. 44–45 Buckner, Phillip (November 1999), "The Royal Tour of 1901 and the Construction of an Imperial Identity in South Africa", South African Historical Journal, 41: 324–348, doi:10.1080/02582479908671897 Rose, pp. 43–44 Bassett, Judith (1987), "'A Thousand Miles of Loyalty': the Royal Tour of 1901", New Zealand Journal of History, 21 (1): 125–138; Oliver, W. 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(1990), The Letters of Rudyard Kipling 1920–30, vol. 5, University of Iowa Press, note 1, p. 120, ISBN 978-0-87745-898-2 Rose, p. 294 "Archduke Otto von Habsburg", The Daily Telegraph (obituary), London, UK, 4 July 2011, archived from the original on 24 December 2019, retrieved 4 April 2018 Rose, pp. 347–348 Nicolson, p. 347; Rose, pp. 238–241; Sinclair, p. 114 Mowat, p. 84 Mowat, p. 86 Mowat, pp. 89–93 Mowat, pp. 106–107, 119 Prochaska, Frank (1999), "George V and Republicanism, 1917–1919", Twentieth Century British History, 10 (1): 27–51, doi:10.1093/tcbh/10.1.27 Kirk, Neville (2005), "The Conditions of Royal Rule: Australian and British Socialist and Labour Attitudes to the Monarchy, 1901–11", Social History, 30 (1): 64–88, doi:10.1080/0307102042000337297, S2CID 144979227 Nicolson, p. 419; Rose, pp. 341–342 Rose, p. 340; Sinclair, p. 105 Rose, p. 348 "Statute of Westminster 1931", legislation.gov.uk, archived from the original on 24 December 2012, retrieved 20 July 2017 Rose, pp. 373–379 Bogdanor, V. 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Louda, Jiří; Maclagan, Michael (1999), Lines of Succession: Heraldry of the Royal Families of Europe, London: Little, Brown, pp. 34, 51, ISBN 978-1-85605-469-0 References Clay, Catrine (2006), King, Kaiser, Tsar: Three Royal Cousins Who Led the World to War, London: John Murray, ISBN 978-0-7195-6537-3 Gore, John (1941), King George V: a personal memoir Matthew, H. C. G. (September 2004; online edition May 2009) "George V (1865–1936)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/33369, retrieved 1 May 2010 (Subscription required) Mowat, Charles Loch (1955), Britain Between The Wars 1918–1940, London: Methuen Nicolson, Sir Harold (1952), King George the Fifth: His Life and Reign, London: Constable and Co Owens, Edward (2019), "2: 'A man we understand': King George V's radio broadcasts", The Family Firm: monarchy, mass media and the British public, 1932–53, pp. 91–132, ISBN 9781909646940, JSTOR j.ctvkjb3sr.8 Pope-Hennessy, James (1959), Queen Mary, London: George Allen and Unwin, Ltd Rose, Kenneth (1983), King George V, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, ISBN 978-0-297-78245-2 Sinclair, David (1988), Two Georges: The Making of the Modern Monarchy, London: Hodder and Stoughton, ISBN 978-0-340-33240-5 Vickers, Hugo (2018), The Quest for Queen Mary, London: Zuleika Windsor, HRH The Duke of (1951), A King's Story, London: Cassell and Co Further reading Cannadine, David (2014), George V: The Unexpected King Mort, Frank (2019), "Safe for Democracy: Constitutional Politics, Popular Spectacle, and the British Monarchy 1910–1914", Journal of British Studies, 58 (1): 109–141, doi:10.1017/jbr.2018.176, S2CID 151146689 Ridley, Jane (2022), George V: Never a Dull Moment excerpt Somervell, D. C. (1936), The Reign of King George V wide-ranging political, social and economic coverage, 1910–35 Spender, John A. (1935), "British Foreign Policy in the Reign of HM King George V", International Affairs, 14 (4): 455–479, JSTOR 2603463 External links Listen to this article (54 minutes) 54:22 Spoken Wikipedia icon This audio file was created from a revision of this article dated 13 July 2014, and does not reflect subsequent edits. (Audio help · More spoken articles) George V at Wikipedia's sister projects Media from Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Data from Wikidata Special issue of the Illustrated London News covering King George V's death Newsreel footage of King George V's coronation Sound recording of King George V's Silver Jubilee speech Portraits of King George V at the National Portrait Gallery, London Edit this at Wikidata George V House of Windsor Cadet branch of the House of Wettin Born: 3 June 1865 Died: 20 January 1936 Regnal titles Preceded by Edward VII King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions Emperor of India 6 May 1910 – 20 January 1936 Succeeded by Edward VIII British royalty Preceded by Albert Edward Prince of Wales Duke of Cornwall Duke of Rothesay 1901–1910 Succeeded by Edward (VIII) Honorary titles Preceded by The Duke of Cambridge Grand Master of the Order of St Michael and St George 1904–1910 Vacant Title next held by The Prince of Wales Preceded by The Lord Curzon of Kedleston Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports 1905–1907 Succeeded by The Earl Brassey Articles and topics related to George V vte George V Family Mary of Teck (wife) Edward VIII (son) George VI (son) Mary, Princess Royal and Countess of Harewood (daughter) Henry, Duke of Gloucester (son) George, Duke of Kent (son) Prince John (son) Edward VII (father) Alexandra of Denmark (mother) Descendants House of Windsor Events Wedding Funeral of King Edward VII Accession Declaration Act 1910 Coronation Honours Delhi Coronation Durbar Honours Festival of Empire Hunting trip in Nepal Buckingham Palace Conference British Empire Exhibition Silver Jubilee of George V Medal Related Prime ministers Emperor of India Household Mylius libel King George V Coronation Medal King George V Police Coronation Medal Depictions Radio addresses Royal Christmas Message Royal address to the nation Film and television Edward the Seventh (1975) Edward & Mrs. Simpson (1978) The Treaty (1991) All the King's Men (1999) Bertie and Elizabeth (2002) The Lost Prince (2003) Downton Abbey (2019) The King's Man (2020) Statues and memorials King George V Memorial Statue at Westminster King George V Avenue of Memorial English Oaks Books and poems The King's Pilgrimage (1922) The Faraway Drums (1981) Stamps Admirals Postal Union Congress £1 stamp British Empire Exhibition postage stamps King George V Seahorses Namesakes HMS King George V 1911 Battleship 1939 Battleship TS King George V George V Land George V Coast George V (Paris Métro) King George V DLR station King George V Stakes GWR 6000 Class 6000 King George V King George V Dock, London Schools King George V College King George V School, Gilbert and Ellice Islands King George V School, Hong Kong King George V School, Seremban King George's Fields List vte English, Scottish and British monarchs Monarchs of England until 1603 Monarchs of Scotland until 1603 Alfred the Great Edward the Elder Ælfweard Æthelstan Edmund I Eadred Eadwig Edgar the Peaceful Edward the Martyr Æthelred the Unready Sweyn Edmund Ironside Cnut Harold I Harthacnut Edward the Confessor Harold Godwinson Edgar Ætheling William I William II Henry I Stephen Matilda Henry II Henry the Young King Richard I John Henry III Edward I Edward II Edward III Richard II Henry IV Henry V Henry VI Edward IV Edward V Richard III Henry VII Henry VIII Edward VI Jane Mary I and Philip Elizabeth I Kenneth I MacAlpin Donald I Constantine I Áed Giric Eochaid Donald II Constantine II Malcolm I Indulf Dub Cuilén Amlaíb Kenneth II Constantine III Kenneth III Malcolm II Duncan I Macbeth Lulach Malcolm III Donald III Duncan II Edgar Alexander I David I Malcolm IV William I Alexander II Alexander III Margaret John Robert I David II Edward Balliol Robert II Robert III James I James II James III James IV James V Mary I James VI Monarchs of England and Scotland after the Union of the Crowns from 1603 James I and VI Charles I Charles II James II and VII William III and II and Mary II Anne British monarchs after the Acts of Union 1707 Anne George I George II George III George IV William IV Victoria Edward VII George V Edward VIII George VI Elizabeth II Debatable or disputed rulers are in italics. vte Princes of Wales Edward (1301–1307) Edward (1343–1376) Richard (1376–1377) Henry (1399–1413) Edward (1454–1471) Richard (1460; disputed) Edward (1471–1483) Edward (1483–1484) Arthur (1489–1502) Henry (1504–1509) Edward (1537–1547) Henry (1610–1612) Charles (1616–1625) Charles (1641–1649) James (1688) George (1714–1727) Frederick (1729–1751) George (1751–1760) George (1762–1820) Albert Edward (1841–1901) George (1901–1910) Edward (1910–1936) Charles (1958–present) See also: Principality of Wales vte British princes The generations indicate descent from George I, who formalised the use of the titles prince and princess for members of the British royal family. 1st generation King George II 2nd generation Frederick, Prince of Wales Prince George William Prince William, Duke of Cumberland 3rd generation King George III Prince Edward, Duke of York and Albany Prince William Henry, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh Prince Henry, Duke of Cumberland and Strathearn Prince Frederick 4th generation King George IV Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany King William IV Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn King Ernest Augustus of Hanover Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge Prince Octavius Prince Alfred Prince William Frederick, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh 5th generation Prince Albert1 King George V of Hanover Prince George, Duke of Cambridge 6th generation King Edward VII Prince Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany Prince Ernest Augustus 7th generation Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale King George V Prince Alexander John of Wales Alfred, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha Prince Arthur of Connaught Prince Charles Edward, Duke of Albany and of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha Prince George William of Hanover Prince Christian of Hanover Prince Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick 8th generation King Edward VIII King George VI Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester Prince George, Duke of Kent Prince John Alastair, 2nd Duke of Connaught and Strathearn Johann Leopold, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha Prince Hubertus of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha Prince Ernest Augustus of Hanover Prince George William of Hanover 9th generation Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh2 Prince William of Gloucester Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester Prince Edward, Duke of Kent Prince Michael of Kent 10th generation Charles, Prince of Wales Prince Andrew, Duke of York Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex 11th generation Prince William, Duke of Cambridge Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex James Mountbatten-Windsor, Viscount Severn3 12th generation Prince George of Cambridge Prince Louis of Cambridge 1 Not a British prince by birth, but created Prince Consort. 2 Not a British prince by birth, but created a Prince of the United Kingdom. 3 Status debatable; see his article. Princes that lost their title and status are shown in italics. vte Princes of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha Forefather Duke Francis I* 1st generation Duke Ernest I* Prince Ferdinand* King Leopold I of the Belgians* 2nd generation Ducal Duke Ernest II* Albert, Prince Consort of the United Kingdom* Koháry King Ferdinand II of Portugal and the Algarves* Prince August* Prince Leopold* Belgium Crown Prince Louis Philippe King Leopold II Prince Philippe 3rd generation United Kingdom King Edward VII Duke Alfred I Prince Arthur Prince Leopold Portugal King Pedro V King Luís I Infante João Infante Fernando Infante Augusto Koháry Prince Philipp Prince Ludwig August Tsar Ferdinand I of the Bulgarians Belgium Prince Leopold Prince Baudouin King Albert I 4th generation United Kingdom Prince Albert Victor King George V Hereditary Prince Alfred Prince Arthur Duke Charles Edward I Portugal King Carlos I Infante Afonso Koháry Prince Leopold Clement Prince Pedro Augusto Prince August Leopold Prince Joseph Ferdinand Prince Ludwig Gaston Bulgaria Tsar Boris III Prince Kiril Belgium King Leopold III Prince Charles 5th generation United Kingdom King Edward VIII King George VI Prince Henry Prince George Prince John Prince Alastair Ducal Hereditary Prince Johann Leopold Prince Hubertus Prince Friedrich Josias Portugal Prince Luís Filipe King Manuel II Koháry Prince Rainer Prince Philipp Bulgaria Tsar Simeon II Belgium King Baudouin I King Albert II Prince Alexandre 6th generation Ducal Prince Andreas Koháry Prince Johannes Heinrich Bulgaria Prince Kardam Prince Kyril Belgium King Philippe I Prince Laurent 7th generation Bulgaria Prince Boris Belgium Prince Gabriel Prince Emmanuel *Titled as Princes of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld before 11 February 1826 vte Dukes of Cornwall Edward (1337–1376) Richard (1376–1377) Henry (1399–1413) Henry (1421–1422) Edward (1453–1471) Richard (1460; disputed) Edward (1470–1483) Edward (1483–1484) Arthur (1486–1502) Henry (1502–1509) Henry (1511) Edward (1537–1547) Henry Frederick (1603–1612) Charles (1612–1625) Charles (1630–1649) James (1688–1701/2) George (1714–1727) Frederick (1727–1751) George (1762–1820) Albert Edward (1841–1901) George (1901–1910) Edward (1910–1936) Charles (1952–present) Cornwall Portal vte Dukes of Rothesay David (1398–1402) James (1402–1406) Alexander (1430) James (1430–1437) James (1452–1460) James (1473–1488) James (1507–1508) Arthur (1509–1510) James (1512–1513) James (1540–1541) James (1566–1567) Henry Frederick (1594–1612) Charles (1612–1625) Charles James (1629) Charles (1630–1649) James (1688–1689) George (1714–1727) Frederick (1727–1751) George (1762–1820) Albert Edward (1841–1901) George (1901–1910) Edward (1910–1936) Charles (1952–present) vte Dukes of York Edmund of Langley (1385–1402) Edward of Norwich (1402–1415) Richard Plantagenet (1415–1460) Edward of York (1460–1461) Richard of Shrewsbury (1474–1483) Henry (1494–1509) Charles (1605–1625) James (1633/1644–1685) Ernest Augustus (1716–1728) Edward (1760–1767) Frederick (1784–1827) George (1892–1910) Albert (1920–1936) Andrew (1986–present) italics denote Dukes of York and Albany vte Grand Masters of the Order of St Michael and St George Sir Thomas Maitland The Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge Prince George, Duke of Cambridge The Prince George, Prince of Wales Vacant The Prince Edward, Prince of Wales Alexander Cambridge, 1st Earl of Athlone Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis Prince Edward, Duke of Kent StMichaelandStGeorgeInsignia.jpg vte Monarchs of Canada House of Hanover (1867–1901) Victoria House of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha (1901–1917) Edward VII George V House of Windsor (1917–present) George V Edward VIII George VI Elizabeth II vte Heads of State of South Africa Monarch (1910–1961) George V Edward VIII George VI Elizabeth II Red Ensign of South Africa (1912–1951).svg Flag of South Africa (1928–1994).svg Flag of South Africa.svg State President (1961–1994) (under Apartheid) Charles Robberts Swart Eben Dönges† Tom Naudé* Jim Fouché Jan de Klerk* Nico Diederichs† Marais Viljoen* John Vorster Marais Viljoen P. W. Botha F. W. de Klerk President (from 1994) (post-Apartheid) Nelson Mandela Thabo Mbeki Ivy Matsepe-Casaburri* Kgalema Motlanthe Jacob Zuma Cyril Ramaphosa †Died in office *Acting President Authority control Edit this at Wikidata General ISNI 1 VIAF 1 WorldCat National libraries Norway Spain France (data) Germany Italy Israel United States Latvia Japan Czech Republic Australia Netherlands Poland Sweden Vatican Art galleries and museums Te Papa (New Zealand) Biographical dictionaries Germany Other Faceted Application of Subject Terminology MusicBrainz artist National Archives (US) RERO (Switzerland) 1 Social Networks and Archival Context SUDOC (France) 1 Trove (Australia) 1 Categories: George V1865 births1936 deaths19th-century British people20th-century British Army personnel20th-century British monarchsHouse of WindsorKings of the Irish Free State20th-century Royal Air Force personnel20th-century Royal Marines personnel20th-century Royal Navy personnelBritish field marshalsBritish people of Danish descentBritish people of German descentBritish philatelistsBritish ProtestantsBurials at St George's Chapel, Windsor CastleChancellors of the University of Cape TownDeaths by euthanasiaDrug-related deaths in EnglandDukes of CornwallDukes of RothesayDukes of YorkEmperors of IndiaHeads of state of CanadaHeads of state of New ZealandHeirs to the British throneHigh Stewards of ScotlandHouse of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (United Kingdom)English huntersFellows of the Royal SocietyField marshals of the German EmpireLords Warden of the Cinque PortsMarshals of the Royal Air ForceMembers of the Privy Council of IrelandMembers of the Privy Council of the United KingdomMonarchs of AustraliaMonarchs of South AfricaMonarchs of the Isle of ManMonarchs of the United KingdomPeers of the United Kingdom created by Queen VictoriaPeople associated with the University of WalesPeople from WestminsterPeople of the Victorian eraPresidents of the Royal Philatelic Society LondonPrinces of the United KingdomPrinces of WalesProtestant monarchsRoyal Danish Navy admiralsRoyal Marines officersRoyal Navy admirals of the fleetRoyal Welch Fusiliers officersBritish princesSons of emperorsKnights of the GarterKnights of the ThistleKnights of St PatrickKnights Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian EmpireKnights Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of IndiaKnights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian OrderKnights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St GeorgeCompanions of the Imperial Service OrderRecipients of the Cross of Honour of the Order of the DannebrogGrand Commanders of the Order of the DannebrogGrand Crosses of the Order of Saint Stephen of HungaryKnights Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Maurice and LazarusKnights of the Golden Fleece of SpainGrand Crosses of the Order of Christ (Portugal)Grand Crosses of the Order of AvizGrand Crosses of the Order of Saint James of the SwordRecipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Russia)Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 1st classRecipients of the Order of Saint Stanislaus (Russian), 1st classRecipients of the Order of St. George of the Third DegreeChildren of Edward VII 1910 to 1919 Important News, Significant Events, Key Technology 1910, 1911, 1912, 1913, 1914, 1915, 1916, 1917, 1918 and 1919 Time Period in History List of Significant News Events From 1910 to 1919 1910 Boy Scouts of America 1911 First Indianapolis 500 1912 Sinking of the Titanic 1913 Ford Introduces Assembly Line 1914 Start Of World War I 1915 Congress established the U.S. Coast Guard Service 1916 World War I Battle Of The Somme (1916 - 1918) 1917 The beginning of the Russian Revolution against Czarist Rule. 1918 First cases of one of the worst influenza epidemic in history were reported at Fort Riley, Kansas 1919 The 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, guaranteeing women the right to vote, is passed by Congress Find More Detailed Information Below 1910 Jack Johnson beats Tommy Burns , Jack Johnson became the first black boxer to win the Heavyweight Boxing Championship was when he knocked out the reigning champion Tommy Burns on December 26th, 1910. His victory had stirred up a lot of controversy as well as the desire for a white man to reclaim the title. Immigration Into US , The immigration into the US hits an all time peak with 8.8 million immigrants over 10 years from 1901-1910. Boy Scouts of America , Following a visit to England in 1909 and a meeting with British General Robert Baden-Powell who founded the Scouting movement in England, Chicago publisher W. D. Boyce incorporates the Boy Scouts of America. King Edward VII Dies , King Edward VII dies after being Britain's King for 9 years. He was often referred to as "Bertie" which was the name the royal family used for him. Idaho Big Burn , August 20-21, 1910 – The Great Fire, also known as the Big Burn or the Big Blowup, began as a forest fire. By the time it was contained and put out, the fire had burned nearly three million acres of land throughout three different states – Idaho, Montana and Washington. More than 80 people were killed and it is often called the worst fire in the nation’s history. Houndsditch murders , On December 16th 2 Police officers are murdered while investigating a robbery are shot and killed by the gang, in January the following year following a tip off Police cordon of an area of Stepney in East London and a major gun battle between police and the gang lasts nearly all day leaving some of the gang members dead. 1911 First Auto Electric Start , The First Electric Self Start was installed in a Cadillac By GM. Up until this time, all cars needed to be started by cranking a starting handle which was hard work and caused multiple minor injuries when the car backfired during the starting process. The Discovery of Machu Picchu , Hiram Bingham finds Machu Picchu in the Andes. He had followed Simón Bolívar's route into Colombia and continued it with a walk from Argentina into Peru. He was a professor of history at Yale, and was performing the expedition as a member of that faculty. He was able to confirm its location on July 24th . He returned to excavate the site in 1912. It is near the western end of the Huatanay valley. Madame Butterfly , Puccini's opera 'Madame Butterfly' which tells the story of an American sailor, B.F. Pinkerton, who marries and abandons a young Japanese geisha, Cio-Cio-San, or Madame Butterfly had its world premiere at La Scala in Milan, Italy. Manhattan Sweatshop Fire , A Fire breaks out at the Triangle Shirtwaist Company in Manhattan on March 25th. The building was overcrowded with women immigrant workers and poor safety standards including the doors to the stairwells and exits were locked allowing no exit from the fire on the eighth, ninth, and tenth floors which meant the women either burned in the fire or took a chance of surviving by jumping from windows one hundred feet above the street. The fire caused the death of 146 garment workers, almost all of them women, who either died from the fire or jumped from the fatal height. First Indianapolis 500 , The first ever running of the Indianapolis 500 is won by Ray Harrounat at an average speed of 74.59 miles an hour. First International Women’s Day (IWD) was observed during March of 1911. It was first celebrated in Denmark, Austria, Switzerland, and Germany by over one million people who attended International Women’s Day rallies. The creation of the holiday was a result of socialist and labor movements that were campaigning for women’s rights. They were originally looking to bring attention to the fight for the right to vote and run for public office, the right to work and education, and to end discrimination. In 1975, the United Nations began celebrating IWD and two years later adopted a resolution for member-states to designate a holiday dedicated to celebrating women’s rights and international peace. 1912 Sinking of the Titanic , The Titanic sets sail on her maiden voyage from Southampton to New York. The Titanic had been described as the worlds most luxurious floating hotel which is unsinkable, and was only 5 days out when she hit an iceberg and sank in the Atlantic with the loss of many lives. The Titanic was built in Belfast (between 1909 and 1911) and registered in Liverpool in 1912. Liverpool was the home port, although she never entered it. The White Star Liner left Belfast on April 2nd, 1912 and arrived in Southampton on April 4th. The crew had boarded before dawn on April 10th, and the passengers between 9.30 and 11.30 a.m. She left port at around 2 p.m. and arrived in Queenstown, Ireland before crossing the Atlantic. She struck an iceberg on Sunday, April 14th, and the ship's distress signal gave her position as Latitude 41º 46' N and Longitude 50º 14 W. Hellmann's Real Mayonnaise , Richard Hellmann owned a delicatessen in New York City where he sold his wife's delectable recipe for mayonnaise becoming so popular that Hellmann began selling it in "wooden boats" that were used for weighing butter. Due to such high demand in 1912, Hellmann designed what is today the iconic "Blue Ribbon" label, to be placed on larger glass jars. Last Emperor of China , Hsian-T'ung, the last emperor of China, is forced to abdicate following Sun Yat-sen's republican revolution, ending 267 years of Manchu rule in China and 2,000 years of imperial rule. Girl Scouts of America Founded , Juliette Gordon Low founded the Girl Guides in the United States. She had lived in England with her first husband for many years and had been a Girl Guide leader while living in England. On March 12th, 1912 she gathered 18 girls together to register the first troop of American Girl Guides in Savannah, Georgia. The name was changed to Girl Scouts of America the following year. Olympic Games , The Summer Olympic Games of the V Olympiad were held in Stockholm, Sweden. These Olympics marked the introduction of Electronic Timing and Photo-Finish Equipment. Taiwan , On January 1st 1912 The Republic of China ( Taiwan ) created following the Xinhai Revolution ( 1911 Chinese Revolution ) 1913 First Cross Word Puzzle , The first crossword puzzle was published and created by Arthur Wynne, a Liverpool journalist. It was first published as a "word-cross" puzzle in the New York World. The 16th Amendment , The 16th Amendment was (apparently) ratified on February 3rd 1913, and said that Congress had been given the power to collect taxes on income without regard for a census or enumeration. Interestingly, the Supreme Court had declared the apportionment unconstitutional in 1894 . 'No taxation without representation' The 17th Amendment , The 17th Amendment goes into effect changing US Senators being chosen by the Legislature to elections involving ordinary voters. Webb Alien Land-Holding Bill , The Webb Alien Land-Holding Bill is signed into law by California Governor Hiram W. Johnson which bars Japanese Nationals from owning land in California. Ford Introduces Assembly Line , The Ford Motor Company introduced the continuous moving assembly line which could produce a complete car every two-and-a-half minutes. This change is one of the most significant changes in Car production and allowed Ford to sell cars cheaper than any other manufacturer which forced the others to also move to automated production lines. Mona Lisa Recovered , The Mona Lisa was recovered two years after its theft from the Louvre Museum in Paris. It was found in Florence in Italian waiter Vincenzo Peruggia's hotel room. First Stainless Steel , Harry Brearley was researching ways to stop excessive wear in rifle barrels for the British Army when he discovered that by adding Chromium to an Iron Carbon Mix, he ended up with a bright surface finish which became Stainless Steel. Stainless Steel contains about 10% Chromium and 8% nickel. Rite of Spring Debuts The avant-garde ballet “The Rite of Spring,” created by Igor Stravinsky, premiered in Paris, France on May 29. At the time of its premiere the work was considered scandalous due to the context of the story as it portrayed a Pagan sacrifice, its unusual choreography, and the extravagant costumes featured in the ballet. The music also sparked controversy as it was heavily influenced by European folk themes and relied on dissonant sounds. The audience, watching Sergei Diaghilev's ballet company dance to Vaslav Nijinsky's choreography, was so upset by the modern performance that they nearly rioted. 1914 Federal Trade Commission , The Federal Trade Commission was organized following the Federal Trade Commission Act in 1914. Its principal mission is the promotion of "consumer protection" and the elimination and prevention of what regulators perceive to be "anti-competitive" business practices. One of its roles is to enforce antitrust laws. Irish Home Rule , The British Parliament passes Irish Home Rule, but the start of World War One prevents it from having any effect. It had been made to submit a degree of autonomy to that particular country within the bounds of the British Empire. The desire for home rule had started in 1870 with the Home Government Association or Home Rule League, which were led by the very un-Irish sounding Isaac Butt and Charles Parnell. Their calls for land reform and a denominal education system were obstructed, and the law wasn't passed until September 18th, 1914. Start Of World War I , It was the alliances of 1914 that created the reasons for the Great War, with Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy's Triple Alliance and Franco-Russian and Entente Cordiale being fairly contradictory to the other countries' expanding empires. The Dardanelles situation was ongoing, and the Balkan's Crisis had made the Austria-Hungary redefine its territories' boundaries. It was during Archduke Franz Ferdinand's visit to Sarajevo that the spark was ignited, when both he and his wife were killed by a member of 'Young Bosnia.' Whilst unfounded, the Austrian-Hungarians accused Serbia of complicity in the murders, and demanded the dismemberment of the state. Although there were a number of diplomatic moves and arbitration, Austria-Hungary had declared war on Serbia on July 28th . This had led to the Allied forces mobilization. USS Oklahoma naval battleship was launched during March. It was built by the New York Shipbuilding Corporation after being ordered by the United States Navy in 1911 . By 1916 , it was commissioned into the US Navy and used to protect Allied convoys crossing the Atlantic during World War I. It was the first US dreadnought that was an oil-burning battleship instead of a coal-burning ship. After the end of World War I the ship was modernized and sent to join the Pacific fleet. In 1941, the USS Oklahoma was sunk by the Japanese during their attack on Pearl Harbor. It was salvaged in 1943 but too damaged to be used again and sold for scrap in 1946. The Empress of Ireland Sinks , The Empress of Ireland and A Norwegian coal freighter, the Storstad, crash in St. Lawrence River in thick fog causing the deaths of 1,073 passengers and crew, this was one of the worst maritime accidents in history. First US Income Tax , Congress passes the Revenue Act mandating the first tax on incomes over $3,000. Egypt under protection of the Crown , Great Britain placed Egypt under its protection of the Crown. The official Press Bureau read, “The suzerainty of Turkey over Egypt is thus terminated, and His Majesty’s government will adopt all measures necessary for the defense of Egypt and the protection of its inhabitants and interests.” Ford announced his $5-per-day program , Henry Ford raises minimum daily pay from $2.34 to $5 for qualifying workers. Car workers from other plants queued up for jobs and the changes he made to pay and working hours gave Ford the lowest labor turnover in his plants. Henry Ford did not believe in Trade Unions and The Ford company was the last Detroit auto maker to recognize the United Auto Workers union (UAW). The Panama Canal Opens , The Panama Canal which took 34 years to build from 1880 - 1914 (and cost over 27,000 workers their lives) provided a connection for shipping from The Atlantic to The Pacific and opened in 1914. World War I Christmas Truce , The soldiers of Germany, Russia, France, and Britain call a Christmas truce with soldiers crossing the area of no mans land calling out "Merry Christmas" in their enemies' native tongues. 1920's Fashion Ladies Hats From The Decade Examples of Ladies Hats From The 20's Ladies Dresses From The Decade Examples of Ladies Dresses From The 1920's Part of our Collection of Childrens Clothes From the Decade Children's Clothing Examples From The 1920s Childrens Toys From The 1920's Part of our Collection of Toys from The 1920's Kids Toy Examples From The 1920s 1920s Music From our 20's Music Page Twenties Music 1915 World War I Zeppelin raids , Zeppelin raids had started in England, the zeppelins and were able to fly at a higher altitude than the defenders' planes. They had been developed by the Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin, and were used by the German military since 1909. The German army's balloons had suffered from ground fire, but they were put to use over England: targeting the coastal towns of Yarmouth and King's Lynn in January before moving on to attack on London in May. It took a while before the British pilots had the skills and means to successfully defeat the incoming raids. World War I Use Of Poison Gas , Trench warfare was seeing the use of poison gas. A non-lethal type of gas had been used by the Germans in late 1914, but a more damaging kind was put onto the Eastern Front in January 1915 (at Bolimov), where it froze. The Germans had developed the chlorine gas that was used at Ypres in April. It had been dispersed by air and by artillery fire. The British Expeditionary Force (B.E.F.) was able to counter the use of gas with their own variants. U.S. Coast Guard , Congress established the U.S. Coast Guard Service by combining the Revenue Cutter Service (1790) and the United States Life-Saving Service ( 1848 ). Suffrage Movement , As part of the women's suffrage movement 25,000 women march up Fifth Avenue in New York City demanding the right to vote. First Transcontinental Telephone Call , First U.S. coast-to-coast long-distance telephone call, facilitated by a newly-invented vacuum tube amplifier, was ceremoniously inaugurated by A.G. Bell in New York City and his former assistant Thomas Augustus Watson in San Francisco, California. Lusitania Sunk By Torpedo on May 7th , A German torpedo sinks the British Ocean liner Lusitania off the Irish coast, killing nearly 1,200 people. World War I , The British warship Formidable is hit on January 1st by the U-42 a German submarine the ship sinks into the waters of the English Channel, and 547 lives were lost. Denmark Women Voting Rights During June voting rights were granted to women in Denmark. The rights were also extended to women living in Iceland as well, as the island nation was still a part of the Danish kingdom at the time. In 1886, the Women’s Progress Association was created and began establishing a women’s voice on important Danish social issues and by 1889 the Women’s Suffrage Association was created with the sole purpose of establishing voting rights for women in Denmark. In the early 1900s steps were made towards the enfranchisement of women in Denmark as various groups were allowed to vote in local elections. By 1915, a new Danish constitution was passed which included full voting rights for women as well as other reforms to the Danish government system. Allied Attack in Dardanelles During March the British and French Allied forces launch a naval attack against Turkish forces in the Dardanelles. The Allied forces aimed at taking control of a key strait that connected Europe to Asia. The campaign was not successful and was a huge loss for the Allied forces. Hundreds of thousands of men perished on both sides and the Allies lost several important battleships to mines in the water. The Allies had hoped a victory would garner more support for their side from some of the states that had remained neutral like Bulgaria, Greece, and Romania. The fight continued as the Allies landed in Gallipoli in April and the battles did not end until the beginning of the following year when the Allies abandoned the campaigns. 1916 Pancho Villa Attacks Columbus New Mexico , Several hundred Mexican guerrillas under the command of Francisco "Pancho" Villa cross the U.S.-Mexican border and attack the small border town of Columbus, New Mexico. Additionally, the center of the town was burned. Villa was also influential in various attacks made during the Mexican Revolution. Following his massacre of 16 U.S. citizens at Santa Isabel in Northern Mexico and 17 American Citizens in Columbus, New Mexico President Wilson had sent US forces into Mexico with orders to capture Villa dead or alive. US forces are sent to capture Villa dead or alive but give up searching for the Mexican revolutionary after nearly one year. Rasputin Murdered , Rasputin, the monk who had wielded powerful influence over the Russian royal family, was murdered by a group of noblemen led by Prince Felix Yusupov and the Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich. Thompson submachine gun , General John T. Thompson invents the Thompson submachine gun (Tommy Gun) and started the Auto-Ordnance Company in 1916. Prior to World War II, it gained notoriety in the hands of Gangsters/Mobsters during the Prohibition era, but in World War II the Thompson submachine gun was adopted by the U.S. military, British and Canadian Commando units, as well as U.S. paratrooper and Ranger battalions. The Battle of Jutland , A German naval fleet consisting of 24 battleships, five battle cruisers, 11 light cruisers and 63 destroyers that were just off the Jutland Peninsula, were attacked by a British fleet of 28 battleships, nine battle cruisers, 34 light cruisers and 80 destroyers on on May 31st in one of the greatest sea battles in History known as The Battle of Jutland or the Battle of the Skagerrak, a total of 100,000 men aboard 250 ships were involved in the battle. World War I Battle Of The Somme (1916 - 1918) , One of the most costly battles in modern wartime is fought near the Somme Region over 2 years when this small area of countryside saw the deaths of over 1 million men from both sides of the war. The first day of the Somme resulted in the loss of 19,240 dead and 57,470 men wounded on the British side, and an estimated 4,000 dead on the German's. The main reasons for the losses being so high are put down to machine-gun fire and shelling. The eight day bombardment of the German trenches had not broken them and there are regarded as having been too few artillery pieces and too light. The battle went on for nearly one hundred and forty days, and did not act as a support for the French troops at Verdun. The successive and futile attacks went on to be known as a single battle and the B.E.F's reserves were severely diminished. In Flanders fields the poppies blow Between the crosses, row on row, That mark our place; and in the sky The larks, still bravely singing, fly Scarce heard amid the guns below. We are the Dead. Short days ago We lived, felt dawn, saw sunset glow. Loved, and were loved, and now we lie In Flanders fields. Take up our quarrel with the foe: To you from failing hands we throw The torch; be yours to hold it high. If ye break faith with us who die We shall not sleep, though poppies grow In Flanders fields. Easter uprising Ireland , The Easter uprising began when some 1,600 militant Irish republicans who were members of the Irish Republican Brotherhood seize several key sites in Dublin hoping to win independence from British rule. British forces suppressed the uprising after six days, and its leaders were court-Marshalled and executed. Battle of Verdun , The Battle of Verdun comes to an end during World War I in December. It was one of the largest and longest battles of the war and was fought between France and Germany on the Western Font. The battle began in February and it featured heavy use of artillery. By the end, there were over 500,000 casualties, over 300,000 lives lost, and 9 French towns were left in complete ruin. France claimed victory, but despite this, neither side was able to gain much from the battle and the war would continue until 1918. 1917 Russian Revolution , The beginning of the Russian Revolution (Often Called The February Revolution) against Czarist Rule. It began in February 1917 following the lack of food in Petrograd and lead to the abdication by Nicholas II in March 1917 and the beginning of the Communist Party rule in Russia. After 300 years of rule by the Romanov Dynasty, Czar Nicholas II is forced to abdicate following declining popularity due to the "Bloody Sunday" massacre when palace guards shot and killed defenseless demonstrators marching on the Winter Palace. British Royal Family Name Change , During the first World War as sentiment against Germany by the British People worsened, King George V ordered the British royal family to end using the German-sounding surname, Saxe-Coburg-Gotha and to take on the name Royal House of Windsor. Boys Town Founded , Father Edward Flanagan founds Boys Town dedicated to the care of at-risk children, with national headquarters in the village of Boys Town, Nebraska. Puerto Rico Citizens given US Citizenship , The Jones-Shafroth Act granted U.S. citizenship to Puerto Ricans - a status they still hold today. America enters World War I , Following the interception of a note (the Zimmermann Note) from the German Foreign Minister to a Mexican Diplomat promising the return of territories lost to the United States if Mexico joined Germany in attack against the US, US President Wilson appeared before Congress and called for a declaration of war against Germany. The sinking of the British Liner RMS Lusitania which carried 128 US passengers by a German U-boat in 1915 , and the sinking of several US merchant ships also contributed to the declaration. On April 6th the United States formally declared war on Germany and entered the First World War. World War I Jerusalem Captured , Major Vivian Gilbert of the British army revealed the inside story of how Jerusalem fell during the First World War. He said that an army cook was out looking for eggs and was presented with the keys to the city by the mayor. The British won the Holy Land back from the Turks. Iraq British Take Control From Turkish Troops , British troops take control of Baghdad forcing the Turkish troops to evacuate. Mexican Constitution , Mexican President Venustiano Carranza proclaims the establishment of the modern-day Mexican constitution. This constitution consisted of promises made that are similar to the ones outlined by the American constitution. For instance, the constitution of Mexico makes provisions for returning land to native people, and separation of church and state. This constitution also included plans for economic and educational reform. New Immigration Act , Congress passes a new Immigration Act which required a literacy test for immigrants and barred Asiatic laborers, except for those from countries with special treaties or agreements with the United States, such as the Philippines. Pulitzer Prizes Started , Pulitzer Prizes is started for outstanding work in Journalism, writing fiction and non-fiction. Earthquake Long Beach California , A deadly earthquake magnitude of 6.3 hi6 Long Beach, California, and killed an estimated 140 people. Mata Hari , The exotic dancer Mata Hari is sentenced to execution by firing squad by a French court for spying on Germany's behalf during World War I. US Declares War On Germany and Sends Troops , Congress makes a declaration of war on Germany and sends U.S. troops into battle against Germany in World War I. King Constantine I , King Constantine I of Greece abdicates his throne in the face of pressure from Britain and France and internal opponents. Lenin Speech , Lenin makes his first appearance before the Congress of Soviets, in which the Bolsheviks hold a 60% majority. announcing "We shall now proceed to the construction of the socialist order." Battle of Langemarck , The Battle of Langemarck takes place during August. Located in the Flanders region of Belgium, the Battle of Langemarck was one of the battles that was a part of the larger Battle of Passchendaele which took place from July to November of 1917. British and French Allied troops fought against the Germans for several days, ending in a narrow Allied victory. There were heavy casualties on both sides and in the end the gains were small compared to the cost of the battle. Third Battle of Ypres , The Third Battle of Ypres, also known as the Battle of Passchendaele, began during July. The allied forces of the British Empire, Belgium, and France fought against the German Empire along the edge of the city of Ypres in Belgium. The battle consisted of several smaller battles over the course of three months. Muddy regions exacerbated the difficulty of the battle with troops, vehicles, and artillery getting stuck often. This battle is often cited as an example of the futility of trench warfare in World War I. Both sides marked the battle as somewhat of a failure with heavy losses estimated at 300,000 casualties for the British side and 250,000 casualties for the German side. The British claimed victory after capturing the village of Passchendaele. Espionage Act , The Espionage Act of 1917 becomes law after it was passed by the United States Congress in June. The law made it a crime to share information about national defense that would harm the country and help its enemies. Punishments for violating the law included a 20 year prison sentence and fines up to $10,000.00. The law was supported by the Sedition Act that was passed during the following year. The Espionage Act was declared constitutional in the 1919 Supreme Court case Schenck v. United States, with the ruling stating that it did not violate the First Amendment, but it has been continuously challenged in court since its inception. Second Battle of Ramadi , The Second Battle of Ramadi takes place in September during World War I. British troops fought against the Ottoman Empire. The town of Ramadi, in central Iraq, was a strategically important location for the British who had previously tried to capture it during July of 1917. The First Battle of Ramadi was a failure that resulted in many casualties. During the second battle in September, the British were successful in capturing the town. The battle ended with relatively low casualties and most of the Turkish troops were captured as prisoners of war. The Second Russian Revolution , also known as the October Revolution (called October Revolution due to Russia following the Julian calendar until 1918), took place during November 7th and November 8th of 1917. A group of Bolshevik revolutionaries, led by Vladimir Lenin, launched a coup against the provisional government that had been established in March after the February Revolution. At the end of the October Revolution, Lenin became the dictator of the world’s first communist nation and the Russian Civil War began. The civil war ended in 1923 with Soviet victory. 1918 Brest-Litovsk and the Armistice , The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk ended Russia's part in the First World War, and the previous year's October Revolution had started what would become the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. The Bolsheviks had promised that they would not intervene on foreign soil, and the Russian Civil War was looming. Trotsky had been made foreign minister. The fighting of the War to End All Wars had ended in the Armistice on the eleventh hour of of the eleventh day of the eleventh month of 1918. With the Romanian army joining the Allies in 1916 the Armistice had meant that Hungary was required to give Transylvania to Romania. Czar Nicholas II , Czar Nicholas II and his family are executed by the Bolsheviks, bringing an end to the three-century-old Romanov dynasty. Royal Air Force is Founded , The Royal Air force is founded in England, this is truly an amazing piece of History as the first flight was only made 8 years before by Wilbur and Wright and for countries around the World to set up a separate arms of the Forces shows how important politicians believed the aircraft would become as a part of the military. The aircraft in use in 1918 when the RAF started included the Sopwith Pup, Bristol F2B Fighters, Sopwith Camels and Royal Aircraft Factory SE5's. Influenza Epidemic , The first cases of one of the worst influenza epidemic in history were reported at Fort Riley, Kansas. It would eventually kill more than 1/2 million Americans and more than 20 million people worldwide. In the world's worst flu epidemic (Spanish Flu called because the first major outbreak causing multiple deaths was in Spain) in history an estimated 30 million people died worldwide. First Use Of Aircraft By US In war , The first use of air combat by the US when Eight Curtiss "Jenny" planes of the First Aero Squadron are used in support for the 7,000 U.S. troops who invaded Mexico to capture Mexican revolutionary Pancho Villa. "The Red Baron" German Fighter Ace Killed , Baron Manfred von Richthofen, the German ace known as the "Red Baron," credited with 80 confirmed air combat victories was killed in action during World War I. Lawrence of Arabia , Arab and British forces commanded by Lawrence of Arabia capture Damascus from Turkish forces Germany signs armistice , Germany facing invasion from the allies and with poor supplies of food and weapons signs armistice agreement with the allies bringing to an end World War I. The Second Battle of the Marne takes place during July in World War I. The battle marked the final offensive push of the Germans prior to the end of the war that November. The battle lasted several days before ending in a large Allied victory. The Germans were defeated by a combination of French, British, Italian, and American forces. Their defeat gave an advantage to the Allies in the Western Front who used the opportunity to advance by launching a massive counter-offensive, hastening the end of the war. Both sides suffered tens of thousands of casualties. World War I - Armistice of Mudros The Ottoman Empire and the Allies sign the Armistice of Mudros on October 30th. It was signed by Rauf Bey who was the Ottoman Minister of Marine Affairs and British Admiral Somerset Arthur Gough-Calthorpe who represented the Allies. The signing took place on board the HMS Agamemnon in the Port of Mudros on the Greek island of Lemnos. Terms of the agreement included letting the Allies take control of the Straits of the Dardenelles and the Bosporus and having the Ottoman Empire surrender control of all garrisons outside of the Anatolia region of modern day Turkey. This agreement effectively put an end to the fighting in the Middle East during World War I. UK Women Voting Rights The United Kingdom begins granting voting rights to some women with the passage of the Representation of the People Act in February. The law granted limited voting rights for women, allowing women over the age of 30 who were property owners or married to property owners the right to vote. It was also known as the Fourth Reform Act and it also expanded voting rights for men, removing property restrictions. The law tripled the size of the British electorate from about 7 million people to about 21 million people. Full voting rights for women were not achieved in England until 1928 when Parliament passed the Equal Franchise Bill. The United States Congress passes the Standard Time Act , also known as the Calder Act, during March of 1918. The law defined Standard Time and Daylight Saving Time within the United States and gave the Interstate Commerce Commission the authority to set each time zone. Congress soon repealed the unpopular Daylight Saving Time portion of the law in 1919, overriding President Wilson’s veto. Daylight Saving Time was re-instated again in the United States during World War II. Hindenburg Line Broken Allied forces break through Germany’s last line of defense on the Western Front during September, near the end of World War I. The “Hindenburg Line,” or “Siegfried Line” as it was also known, was a 6,000-yard-deep, heavily fortified and well-defended series of zones built by German forces to strategically guard their side of the Western Front. As the war neared its end, Allied forces coordinated a series of offensive moves, including a 56-hour-long marathon bombardment, to break the line and were successful in breaching the line, hastening the end of the war. Both sides suffered heavy casualties in the battles. Iceland - Independence from Denmark 1. Iceland becomes independent on December 1st after Iceland and Denmark sign the Danish-Icelandic Act of Union. 2. With the agreement, Iceland became a sovereign and fully independent state. 3. Part of the agreement allowed Iceland to maintain a union with the monarchy of Denmark and be represented by Denmark in matters of foreign affairs while still being fully in control of their own policies and government. 4. After the agreement was made Iceland created its own coat of arms and flag and declared its neutrality. US Airmail Service The United States Post Office Department officially begins its first regularly scheduled air mail service on May 15th. The first route was a 218 mile route flown between Washington D.C., Philadelphia, and New York City. The first pilots for the inaugural flights of the service were US Army Lieutenants Howard Culver, Stephen Bonsal, George Boyle, Torrey Webb, Walter Miller, and James Edgerton. The original rate for airmail delivery was priced at 24 cents per ounce of mail but it was later reduced throughout the first year of service to just 16 cents and then again to 6 cents. The American Legion , The American Legion has it's first meeting in Paris with about 1,000 officers and enlisted men attended to decide the organizations name. The next meeting takes place in St. Louis, Missouri two months later. The Legion served as a supportive group, a social club and a type of extended family for former service men and women and was also instrumental in creating the U.S. Veterans' Bureau, now known as the Department of Veterans Affairs. Battle of Belleau Wood , The Battle of Belleau Wood took place in June during World War I. The battle was near the Marne River in France and was fought between American, British Empire, and French troops against the German Empire. It was one of the first major battles fought with American troops after they joined the war and U.S. Marines played an enormous role in securing the Allied victory after nearly a month of fighting. The Allied forces were under the command of U.S. General John J. Pershing. There were heavy casualties reported on the Allied side, but it was unclear how many casualties were sustained on the German side. World War I - Allies Sign Armistice Ending War The Allies sign an armistice with Germany on November 11, 1918, putting an end to the fighting of World War I. It was written by the Allied Supreme Commander Marshal Ferdinand Foch and signed inside of a railroad car near Compiégne, France. The terms of the armistice mandated the withdrawal of German forces behind the Rhine, the release of Allied prisoners of war, the future negotiation of reparations, and the continued Allied occupation of the Rhineland, and more. The official end to the war did not come until the next year with the Treaty of Versailles in June of 1919. 1919 Creation Of The Italian National Fascist Party , Benito Mussolini establishes the Fascist Party in 1919. Treaty of Versailles , The First World War only ended in the series of conferences that took place in the Palace of Versailles from January 1919 to January 1920. Fifty-five countries were represented there and the League of Nations was formed. Britain and France took control of several of the Turkish Empire's territories, which included Palestine, Lebanon and Syria. The U.S. Congress did not ratify the Treaty, and it was rather Eurocentric. League of Nations , The League of Nations is created and it is the predecessor to the United Nations. Lady Astor , Lady Astor an American by birth is sworn in as the first female member of the British Parliament. A little known fact is that the first woman elected to the British Parliament was Constance Markiewicz, but she did not take up her seat because of her Irish nationalist views. Rotary Dial Telephones Invented , Rotary Dial Telephones were invented. Before this every call made had to go through an operator but this invention allowed people to dial the number themselves. Grand Canyon National Park , Congress established Grand Canyon National Park which includes the Grand Canyon, a gorge of the Colorado River, considered to be one of the major natural wonders of the world in Arizona. This is considered by many to be one of the earliest successes the environmental conservation movement. Franklin D. Roosevelt marries , Franklin D. Roosevelt marries his distant cousin, Eleanor Roosevelt, in New York City. The wedding was attended by President Theodore Roosevelt, FDR's fifth cousin, who gave his niece away. Daylight Saving Time , The US Congress approves daylight-saving time. Germany started the use of DST in 1916 and other countries followed suit. Daylight saving time or British summer time is the practice of adjusting clocks forward one hour near the start of spring so that afternoons have more daylight and mornings have less, and adjusting them backwards in the Autumn by 1 hour. It is not used universally world wide but is common in Europe and North America. Lease Acquired For Guantanamo Bay , The United States signed a leasing agreement between the US and Cuba, acquiring Guantanamo Bay as a naval station at the southeastern end in Cuba. The Anglo-Afghan Treaty of 1919 is signed by the United Kingdom and Afghanistan. It was also known as the Treaty of Rawalpindi, during August. The treaty established Afghanistan’s independence. It was signed as a result of the Third Anglo-Afghan War which had begun in May of the same year and it effectively ended the conflict. The treaty also modified the Durand Line, which served as a border demarcation between Afghanistan and Pakistan. The two countries had been in various states of conflict for nearly 80 years, with two other Anglo-Afghan wars fought from 1839 to 1842 and 1878 to 1880. First Pop Up Toaster , Charles Strite invents the Pop-Up Toaster which used heated electrical coils to toast bread, the problem back then all bread was cut by hand so was different thicknesses, but after over ten years when bread slicing machines are gaining in popularity so would the Electric Pop Up Toaster. Jailed for Advocating Birth Control , Emma Goldman who worked as a nurse and midwife among the poor in New York was also a crusader for women’s rights and social justice. She was arrested in New York City for lecturing and distributing materials about birth control. She was accused of violating the Comstock Act of 1873 , which made it a federal offense to disseminate contraceptive devices and information through the mail or across state lines. US President Woodrow Wilson was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in December. He was given the prestigious honor for his work on ending the First World War and the creation of the League of Nations. Wilson began his work towards preventing future international conflicts in early 1918 with his “Fourteen Points” peace plan, laying the groundwork for the Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations. He was unable to attend the ceremony which was held in 1920 as he was still recovering from a stroke he suffered in October of 1919. He was represented at the ceremony by the U.S. Ambassador to Norway, Albert Schmedeman. 18th Amendment / Prohibition , Prohibition had been ratified on January 29th, 1919, and came into force with the 18th Amendment, which states that: Amendment XVIII Section 1 - After one year from the ratification of this article the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors within, the importation thereof into, or the exportation thereof from the United States and all territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof for beverage purposes is hereby prohibited. Section 2 - The Congress and several States shall have concurrent power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. Section 3 - This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of the several States, as provided in the Constitution, within seven years from the date of the submission hereof to the States by the Congress. 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution , The 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, guaranteeing women the right to vote, is passed by Congress on June 4th and sent to the states for ratification. Save the Children Established The children’s rights and relief organization “Save the Children” was established in April. It was created by Eglantyne Jebb and Dorothy Buxton in Great Britain near the end of World War I. Its original mission was to provide starvation relief to children in Austria-Hungary and Germany where the devastation of World War I and an Allied blockage of Germany had created a famine. The non-governmental fund soon expanded to about 30 total national locations. The group is notable for its involvement in the establishment of children’s rights during the Twenties and its participation in famine relief efforts and other charity work around the globe since its creation. Paris Peace Conference The Paris Peace Conference opens on January 18th. The gathering, also known as the Versailles Peace Conference, followed the conclusion of the First World War and was controlled by the victorious Allied Powers (France, Britain, Japan, Italy, and the United States). The Allies used the conference to set the terms of defeat for the Central Powers. The primary outcome of the meeting was the Treaty of Versailles which ended the war with Germany and required the nation to accept responsibility for the war. Another four treaties were negotiated, ending the war with Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire. The Paris Peace conference was also notable for the establishment of the League of Nations. Volstead Act Passed Creating Prohibition The United States Congress overrides President Woodrow Wilson’s veto of the Volstead Act, officially beginning the era of prohibition. The 18th Amendment had been ratified on January 29th, banning the creation, sale, or transportation of alcohol, but the means to enforce the amendment had not yet been decided until the Volstead Act was made into law on October 28th. The act outlined how the United States government would enact prohibition in by banning the production and distribution of alcohol meant for consumption. The act did not come into force until January of 1920 along with the 18th amendment. Prohibition remained the law of the land until 1933 when the 21st amendment to the US Constitution repealed prohibition in the country. Comintern Founded , The Comintern, also known as the Communist International or Third International, organization was founded during March. The association was created by Vladimir Lenin as a means for the Soviets to control the directives Communist parties on a more global scale. Lenin hoped the organization would guide a Soviet world order towards complete communism through the establishment and support of Communist political parties around the world. The group held seven congresses between 1919 and 1935. It was formally dissolved in 1943 by Joseph Stalin during World War II but he later created a similar group in 1947 known as the Cominform.
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Royal: George V (1910-1936)
To Commemorate: Coronation
Type: Coin
Royalty: UK Royalty
Signed: No
Manufacturer: British Royal Mint
Theme: Royalty
Country: England
Features: Antique
Country/Region of Manufacture: United Kingdom
Vintage: Yes
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Color: 1920
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Color: 1945 Replica
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